法国档案工作改革的思想史意义——福柯论档案与权力的谱系

摘要

本文阐释了福柯对18世纪末法国档案实践的“权力——知识”结构及其历史性影响的思考。法国档案工作改革不仅是世界档案事业史划时代的标志，也是思想史上一个隐微的里程碑。规训权力机制之所以在18世纪末逐渐扩散至整个社会，得益于法国档案工作改革首次建立起一种普遍化的个人档案制度，档案书写网络成为规训扩散的媒介。档案书写技术、档案集合技术和档案个案化技术三种权力技巧实现了“权力——知识”关系的循环，造就了一个不可泯灭的双重历史进程：它不仅使现代“人的科学”的诞生成为可能，而且通过将“人”变成一种知识对象以供权力干预，塑造了一个以知识治理社会的现代统治模式。福柯开创性地将档案现象置于权力的谱系中进行了深刻反思，使法国档案工作改革成为理解现代性的一个重要楔子。

关键词：规训档案权力法国档案工作改革

Abstract

This article explains Foucault's reflection on the power-knowledge structure and historical impact of French archival practice at the end of the 18th century. The archival reform in France is not only of epoch-making significance to the history of world archival industry, but also a subtle milestone in the intellectual history. The reason why the disciplinary mechanism gradually spread to the entire society in the late 18th century was that the French archival work reform established a universal personal archival system for the first time, and the archival writing network became the medium for the diffusion of discipline. The writing technique, collection technique and individualization technique of archive have achieved a cycle of the "power-knowledge", creating an indelible dual historical process: It not only makes the birth of modern "human science" possible, but also shapes a modern ruling mode of governing society with knowledge by turning "human" into a knowledge object for power intervention. Foucault creatively put the archival phenomenon in the genealogy of power and made a profound reflection, making the archival reform in France an important ideological thread to understand the modernity.

Key words: discipline; archival power; archival reform in France

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